A Brief Survey of White Supremacist Violence - Reconstruction to Present

White Supremacist Violence - Reconstruction to Present

List of Ku Klux Klan organizations - Wikipedia

During Reconstruction, there were a number of white supremacist paramilitary groups that were organized in order to resist the reconstruction measures. While the Ku Klux Klan was the most famous group, it overlapped in membership and ideology with a number of others. In some cases, they were virtually indistinguishable from each other.[1]

First era:          1877 – 1916

Second era:     1915 – 1944

Third era:        1944 – 1954

Fourth era:      1954 – 1969

Current:           1970s - present

White League
Active: 1874 – 1876
The White League, also known as the White Man's League,[2][3] was a white paramilitary terrorist organization started in the Southern United States in 1874 to intimidate freedmen into not voting and prevent Republican Party political organizing. Its first chapter was formed in Grant Parish, Louisiana, and neighboring parishes and was made up of many of the Confederate veterans who had participated in the Colfax massacre in April 1873. Chapters were soon founded in New Orleans and other areas of the state. Members of the White League were absorbed into the state militias and the National Guard.[4]

Although sometimes linked to the secret vigilante groups the Ku Klux Klan and Knights of the White Camelia, the White League and other paramilitary groups of the later 1870s marked a significant change.[5] They operated openly in communities, solicited coverage from newspapers, and the men's identities were generally known. Similar paramilitary groups were chapters of the Red Shirts, started in Mississippi in 1875 and active also in North and South Carolina. They had explicit political goals to overthrow the Reconstruction government. They directed their activities toward intimidation and removal of Northern and African American Republican candidates and officeholders. Made up of well-armed Confederate veterans, they worked to turn Republicans out of office, disrupt their political organizing, and use force to intimidate and terrorize freedmen to keep them from the polls. Backers helped finance purchases of up-to-date arms: Winchester rifles, Colt revolvers and Prussian needle guns.[5]

Black Legion
Active: 1930s during the Great Depression
White supremacist terrorist organization split off from the Ku Klux Klan. 

Red Shirts (United States) - Wikipedia
Active: 1875 – 1900s
The Red Shirts or Redshirts of the Southern United States were white supremacist[1][2][3] paramilitary terrorist groups that were active in the late 19th century in the last years of, and after the end of, the Reconstruction era of the United States. Red Shirt groups originated in Mississippi in 1875, when anti-Reconstruction private terror units adopted red shirts to make themselves more visible and threatening to Southern Republicans, both whites and freedmen. Similar groups in the Carolinas also adopted red shirts.

Groups | Southern Poverty Law Center (splcenter.org)

List of neo-Nazi organizations

List of SPLC designated hate groups

List of white nationalist organizations - Wikipedia

Mass racial violence in the United States - Wikipedia

Racism against Black Americans - Wikipedia

Racism in the United States - Wikipedia

Radical right (United States) - Wikipedia

Terrorism in the United States - Wikipedia

Domestic terrorism in the United States - Wikipedia

American Militias after the Civil War: From Black Codes to the Black Panthers and Beyond (ammo.com)

The Tulsa Race Massacre: Why We Don't Understand Racism
Is American history fact or fiction? Much of what we learn in school is wrong, because it is told from the white male perspective. Journalist Elaine Appleton Grant tells the story of the Tulsa Race Massacre of 1921, and how learning about the conspiracy of silence around this tragedy transformed the most important relationship in her life -- and why exposing the untold stories about race in America has the power to heal our personal relationships, our communities and our divided nation.
Jan 8, 2020 | Elaine A. Grant | TEDxCherryCreekWomen | (13:50)

The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow Jul 15, 2016 | PBS 4-Episode Series

Black Codes
Professor Eric Foner of Columbia University discusses the Black Codes, which were written by white southerners to force blacks to keep working on plantations.
May 1, 1010 | Youtube video | (2:17)

Reconstruction - black codes 14th wques
Oct 26, 2012 | Youtube video | 10:31)

Jim Crow of the North - Full-Length Documentary
Roots of racial disparities are seen through a new lens in this film that explores the origins of housing segregation in the Minneapolis area. But the story also illustrates how African-American families and leaders resisted this insidious practice, and how Black people built community — within and despite — the red lines that these restrictive covenants created.
Feb 25, 2019 | Youtube video | (57:36)

Slavery Without the Chain From PBS's Reconstruction The 2nd Civil War
Sep 29, 2016 | Youtube video | (7:29)

MOOC | Land, Labor, and the Black Codes
The Civil War and Reconstruction, 1865-1890 | 3.2.6
Mar 30, 2015 | Columbia Learn | Youtube video | (10:07)

Primary Sources - The Surviving Recordings of the Slave Narratives Part 1 of 2 (With Subtitles)
The first part of a compilation of audio recorded interviews with former slaves which were mostly taken in the 1930s and 1940s.
Jun 23, 2020 | Youtube video | (3:36:32)

Ex Slaves talk about Slavery in the USA
A story done by ABC News in 1999 about slavery as told by people who were slaves. Recorded in the 1940's.
Oct 11, 2016 | Youtube video | (9:53)

"Tulsa 1921: An American Tragedy"
It's been 100 years since the Tulsa Race Massacre, a two-day attack on Black Americans in the thriving business district of Greenwood. Hear from survivors, descendants of victims and thought leaders in the CBS News special, "Tulsa 1921: An American Tragedy," anchored by "CBS This Morning" co-host Gayle King.
Jun 2, 2021 | Youtube video | (43:55)

Oldest survivor of Tulsa race massacre testifies before House committee
Viola Fletcher, who at 107 is the oldest living survivor of the 1921 Tulsa race massacre, testified Wednesday before a House subcommittee studying legal remedies to atone for the damage a violent mob did to a thriving Tulsa neighborhood then known as "Black Wall Street." Watch her testimony.
May 19, 2021 | CBS News | Youtube video | (7:32)

Documenting Hate: Charlottesville (full film)
FRONTLINE and ProPublica investigate the resurgence of white supremacists in America. An investigation into how the violent and infamous rally in Charlottesville became a watershed moment for the white supremacist movement. Correspondent A.C. Thompson shows how some of those behind the racist violence went unpunished and shines a light on the rise of new white supremacist groups in America.
Aug 12, 2019 | FRONTLINE | Youtube video | (54:17)